All images are the property of Wild Ones and should not be downloaded or used without permission.
“Bumble-bee-on-monarda” by Karl Lauger
Image ID: 6909
Plant(s): Bumblebee
Monarda (bee balm)
Photo Story: Loved watching the bees gorge themselves on monarda this summer. They always seemed to desperate to get in jsust a little deeper to get that last drop of nectar.
Equipment: iPhone 7
Title: Bumble-bee-on-monarda
Photographer: Karl Lauger
Location: My back yard – Oak Park, IL
Chapter: West Cook
“Monarch-on-coneflower” by Karl Lauger
Image ID: 6910
Plant(s): Monarch butterfly
Purple coneflower
Photo Story: Hard to catch these guys with their wings open long enough to snap a photo, but plenty of chances this summer with the coneflowers in full bloom for almost a month.
Equipment: iPhone 7
Title: Monarch-on-coneflower
Photographer: Karl Lauger
Location: My back yard – Oak Park, IL
Chapter: West Cook
“After The Morning Rain” by James Cudney
Image ID: 6911
Plant(s): Broad-handed Leafcutter Bee, Megachile latimanus on Purple Prairie Clover, Dalea purpurea
Photo Story: A Broad-handed Leafcutter Bee visits the post-rain Purple Prairie Clover in a wet meadow restoration site in Northern Illinois
Equipment: iPhone 8 Plus
Title: After The Morning Rain
Photographer: James Cudney
Location: Glacial Park, Ringwood, Illinois
Chapter: Greater Kane County
“Jewels of the garden” by Laurie Johnson
Image ID: 6912
Plant(s): Monarch, Danaus plexippus on swamp milkweed, Asclepias incarnata
Photo Story: This photo was taken two years after I had to convert a shaded woodland garden to a “mostly sunny” garden after two large shade trees in my yard had to be removed. After much replanning and replanting, blooms began appearing again, and attracting pollinators, including monarchs, back to the site.
Equipment: Canon EOS REBEL SL1 with Canon EF 28-80mm @ ISO 400, f11, 1/400
Title: Jewels of the garden
Photographer: Laurie Johnson
Location: My yard, Gladstone, MI
Chapter: Central Upper Peninsula
“Dried Compass leaf” by Beth Nutter
Image ID: 6913
Plant(s): Compass plant in late fall
Photo Story: I love compass plant and was so taken back by the dried caught in the wind look of this compass plant leaf
Equipment: iPhone 4
Title: Dried Compass leaf
Photographer: Beth Nutter
Location: Pingree forest preserve
Chapter: Greater Kane County
“What do you see in the wild?” by Beth Nutter
Image ID: 6915
Plant(s): Various trees and pond at Salamander springs
Photo Story: This was taken at Salamander springs and I turned it on it’s side! Right away I saw a butterfly in the middle and others see monkey and lion and who knows what else. Im hoping it’s bright enough. I can brighten it more if needed.
Equipment: iPhone 4
Title: What do you see in the wild?
Photographer: Beth Nutter
Location: Salamander springs
Chapter: Greater Kane County
“Frittilary Butterflys” by Jeanne Panka
Image ID: 6916
Plant(s): Frittilary Butterflies on Indian Hemp, Apocyum cannabinum
Photo Story: At the entrance to the Retzer Nature Center front door there is a strip of garden against the wall planted with native plance. Manny of these butterflies were flying up and down the bed stopping at various flowers.
Equipment: Sony Cyber-shot digital camera
Title: Frittilary Butterflys
Photographer: Jeanne Panka
Location: Retzer Nature Center, Waukesha , Wi
Chapter: Milwaukee-Southwest-Wehr
“Shooting stars” by Jeanne Panka
Image ID: 6920
Plant(s): Shooting Star, Dodecatheon pulchellum
Photo Story: These shooting stars were volunteers to my garden when I planted a white Baneberrt plant.
Equipment: Sony Cybershot camera
Title: Shooting stars
Photographer: Jeanne Panka
Location: my garden, Waukesha, Wi.
Chapter: Milwaukee-Southwest-Wehr
“Delaware Skipper Feeding in Echinacea Seed Head in Early Summer” by Evelyn Jackson
Image ID: 6921
Plant(s): Pyrrharctia isabella: Delaware Skipper;
Echinacea purpurea: purple cone flower;
Photo Story: I enjoy photographing pollinators on our native garden plants, and this particular insect caught my eye.
Equipment: Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Canon 24-105 lens;
Title: Delaware Skipper Feeding in Echinacea Seed Head in Early Summer
Photographer: Evelyn Jackson
Location: Lansing, Michigan
Chapter: Red Cedar
“Chapter Prairie Tours – Pope Farm Conservancy” by Athena Salzer
Image ID: 6922
Plant(s): Pope Farm is a 30+ year old restoration with a diverse number of native species! Too many to list!
Photo Story: A phenomenal turnout at the guided prairie tour of Pope Farm Conservancy in Middleton, WI hosted by Wild Ones Madison chapter and the Friends of Pope Farm Conservancy.
Equipment: –
Title: Chapter Prairie Tours – Pope Farm Conservancy
Photographer: Athena Salzer
Location: Pope Farm Conservancy
Chapter: Madison
“Joan Brandwein-Central Park Roseville, MN-2021” by Joan Brandwein
Image ID: 6927
Plant(s): Joe Bye Weed, Black-eyed Susans, Milkweed, Sunflowers
Photo Story: The city of Roseville has been adding native plantings near a small pond area in Central Park. While taking a walk with my dog (and camera) one sunny August day, I spotted a rainbow in the aeration fountain sparkling behind the native plantings and captured this photo.
Equipment: Sony a7riii, Tamron 70-180 lens
Title: Joan Brandwein-Central Park Roseville, MN-2021
Photographer: Joan Brandwein
Location: Central Park, Roseville, MN
Chapter: Big River Big Woods
“Basking cyclops” by Ann Petric
Image ID: 6933
Plant(s): Green darner dragonfly, Anax junius on virgin’s bower, Clematis virginiana.
Photo Story: Found totally by accident while walking thru my garden one morning. What a nice surprise!
Equipment: Iphone
Title: Basking cyclops
Photographer: Ann Petric
Location: My yard
Chapter: West Cook
“Lethal Attraction” by Karla McGrail
Image ID: 6935
Plant(s): Swamp Milkweed / Asclepias incarnata
Photo Story: This honeybee (non-native Apis mellifera) perished after getting her leg ensnared in the milkweed flower’s stigmatic slit. Although this process is essential for the milkweed to spread its pollen by the sticky pollinia (pollen packets) which adhere to the legs of nectaring insects, it can occaisionally lead to pollinator dismemberment or sometimes death. (Note the pollinia- yellowish wishbone-shaped) sticking elsewhere to the legs and body of this bee.
Equipment: Samsung Galaxy S21
Title: Lethal Attraction
Photographer: Karla McGrail
Location: Linn County, Iowa
Chapter: Rock River Valley
“Golden Northern Bumble Bee on Blue Lobelia” by Joan Brandwein
Image ID: 6938
Plant(s): Golden Northern Bumble Bee (Bombus fervid) on Great Blue Lobelia (Lobelia Siphilitica)
Photo Story: Over the past several years, I have planted several Blue Lobelia plants in my front and back yard native planting areas and they have multiplied and naturalized beautifully. In late summer, as the flowers open up and down the stems, the plants are buzzing with bees. This year, I was excited to spot several beautiful Bombus fervidus (Golden Northern Bumble bee) visiting the lobelia and busily buzzing from bloom to bloom!
Equipment: sony a7riii, Tamron 70-180 lens
Title: Golden Northern Bumble Bee on Blue Lobelia
Photographer: Joan Brandwein
Location: St. Paul. MN
Chapter: Big River Big Woods
“Gary-Shackelford-Eastern-Kingbird-eating-dogwood-fruit-2021” by Gary Shackelford
Image ID: 6940
Plant(s): Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus), pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
Photo Story: Eastern Kingbird eating the fruit of a pagoda dogwood
Equipment: Nikon D850, 500mm lens
Title: Gary-Shackelford-Eastern-Kingbird-eating-dogwood-fruit-2021
Photographer: Gary Shackelford
Location: Fair Meadows SNA, Wisconsin
Chapter: Madison
“Gary-Shackelford-monarchs-on-blazing-star-2021” by Gary Shackelford
Image ID: 6941
Plant(s): Monarch (Danaus plexippus), blazing-star (Liatris ligulistylis)
Photo Story: Two monarchs nectaring on a blazing-star
Equipment: Nikon D850, 500mm lens
Title: Gary-Shackelford-monarchs-on-blazing-star-2021
Photographer: Gary Shackelford
Location: Fair Meadows SNA, Wisconsin
Chapter: Madison
“Gary-Shackelford-fritillary-feeding-frenzy-2021” by Gary Shackelford
Image ID: 6942
Plant(s): Great spangled fritillary (Speyeria cybele), butterfly milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa)
Photo Story: Four great spangled fritillaries are shown feeding on a butterfly milkweed
Equipment: Nikon D850, Nikon zoom telephoto lens
Title: Gary-Shackelford-fritillary-feeding-frenzy-2021
Photographer: Gary Shackelford
Location: Fair Meadows SNA, Wisconsin
Chapter: Madison
“Gary-Shackelford-hummingbird-at-swamp-milkweed-2021” by Gary Shackelford
Image ID: 6943
Plant(s): Ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubrids), swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata)
Photo Story: A juvenile male ruby-throated hummingbird is visiting a swamp milkweed. (Note: Hummingbirds are not pollinators of milkweeds, which is the reason why I am not submitting this image in the Pollinators category.)
Equipment: Nikon D500, 500mm lens
Title: Gary-Shackelford-hummingbird-at-swamp-milkweed-2021
Photographer: Gary Shackelford
Location: Fair Meadows SNA, Wisconsin
Chapter: Madison
“Gary-Shackelford-Michigan-lilies-2021” by Gary Shackelford
Image ID: 6944
Plant(s): Michigan lily (Lilium michiganense), Virginia mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum)
Photo Story: Michigan lilies at the edge of a small pond. Virginia mountain-mint is also shown.
Equipment: Nikon D850, Nikon zoom telephoto lens
Title: Gary-Shackelford-Michigan-lilies-2021
Photographer: Gary Shackelford
Location: Fair Meadows SNA, Wisconsin
Chapter: Madison
“Gary-Shackelford-Nighthawk-Meadow-in-summer-2021” by Gary Shackelford
Image ID: 6945
Plant(s): Pale purple coneflower (Echinacea pallida), yellow coneflower (Ratibida pinnata), common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), white wild indigo (Baptisia alba), eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), shagbark hickory (Carya ovata)
Photo Story: A view of a restored prairie (Nighthawk Meadow) at Fair Meadows SNA near sunset in early summer. A sedge meadow is shown on the right beyond the prairie (around the large cottonwoods).
Equipment: Sony RX100 Mark V camera
Title: Gary-Shackelford-Nighthawk-Meadow-in-summer-2021
Photographer: Gary Shackelford
Location: Fair Meadows SNA, Wisconsin
Chapter: Madison
“Gary-Shackelford-milkweed-bug-square-dance-2021” by Gary Shackelford
Image ID: 6946
Plant(s): Large milkweed bug (Oncopeltus fasciatus), common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Photo Story: Large milkweed bugs (Oncopeltus fasciatus) on common milkweed. (Note: milkweed bugs are not pollinators of milkweed, which is why I am not submitting this image in the Pollinators category.)
Equipment: Nikon D850, Nikon 200mm macro lens
Title: Gary-Shackelford-milkweed-bug-square-dance-2021
Photographer: Gary Shackelford
Location: Fair Meadows SNA, Wisconsin
Chapter: Madison
“Gary-Shackelford-monarch-caterpillar-on-swamp-milkweed-2021” by Gary Shackelford
Image ID: 6947
Plant(s): Monarch caterpillar (Danaus plexippus), swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata)
Photo Story: A monarch caterpillar is feeding on the leaf of a swamp milkweed. Frass excreted by the caterpillar is shown on a nearby leaf.
Equipment: Nikon D850, Nikon 200mm macro lens
Title: Gary-Shackelford-monarch-caterpillar-on-swamp-milkweed-2021
Photographer: Gary Shackelford
Location: Fair Meadows SNA, Wisconsin
Chapter: Madison
“Gary-Shackelford-cream-wild-indigo-2021” by Gary Shackelford
Image ID: 6949
Plant(s): Cream wild indigo (Baptisia bracteata var. leucophaea)
Photo Story: Cream wild indigo in a planted prairie at Fair Meadows SNA
Equipment: Nikon D850, Nikon 200mm macro lens
Title: Gary-Shackelford-cream-wild-indigo-2021
Photographer: Gary Shackelford
Location: Fair Meadows SNA, Wisconsin
Chapter: Madison
“Wait your turn!” by Laurie Johnson
Image ID: 6950
Plant(s): Great spangled fritillary, Speyeria cybele and an unidentified bee on wild bergamot, Monarda fistulosa
Photo Story: A hike at the peak of summer blooming at my favorite area trail provided views of many butterflies, bees, and other pollinators.
Equipment: Canon EOS REBEL SL1 with Canon EF 100-400mm
ISO 400, f9, 1/800s
Title: Wait your turn!
Photographer: Laurie Johnson
Location: Hiawatha National Forest, MI; Peninsula Point Recreation area
Chapter: Central Upper Peninsula
“Gary-Shackelford-sedges-willows-and-spring-snow-2021” by Gary Shackelford
Image ID: 6951
Plant(s): Black willow (Salix nigra), common lake sedge (Carex lacustris)
Photo Story: A grove of black willows in a sedge meadow at Fair Meadows SNA after an early spring snowstorm. Snow-covered sedges (primarily common lake sedge) are shown in the foreground.
Equipment: Nikon D850, Nikon 16–35mm lens
Title: Gary-Shackelford-sedges-willows-and-spring-snow-2021
Photographer: Gary Shackelford
Location: Fair Meadows SNA, Wisconsin
Chapter: Madison
“Shades of summer” by Ken Greshowak
Image ID: 6954
Plant(s): Monarch on Green headed coneflower
Photo Story: Butterfly enjoying our flowers.
Equipment: Canon D70
Title: Shades of summer
Photographer: Ken Greshowak
Location: Our yard
Chapter: Arrowhead
“Lunch Time” by Noreen Kepple
Image ID: 6955
Plant(s): tiger swallowtail butterfly on pink phlox
Photo Story: On an incredibly windy day I found this butterfly battling the breezes to enjoy lunch. Even with a torn wing it managed to stay on the flower and sip nectar. It was a powerful moment.
Equipment: iphone camera
Title: Lunch Time
Photographer: Noreen Kepple
Location: My Garden
Chapter: Mountain Laurel
“Can’t Fence Me In” by Noreen Kepple
Image ID: 6956
Plant(s): A monarch caterpillar feeding on a milkweed seedling.
Photo Story: One day I went to check my squash plants and I found this monarch feeding on a milkweed seedling that had naturally seeded itself in my garden. I often combine flowers in my veggie gardens. I am glad I did because I gave life to a new monarch butterfly.
Equipment: iphone camera
Title: Can’t Fence Me In
Photographer: Noreen Kepple
Location: My Vegetable Garden
Chapter: Mountain Laurel
“Mountain Mint Attraction” by Noreen Kepple
Image ID: 6958
Plant(s): honey bees on mountain mint
Photo Story: It always amazes me what a wonderful native plant mountain mint is. Its flowers are simple, yet provide subtle color and much nectar to honey bees and native bees as well, This plan like a magnet attracting many different types of pollinators in the late summer and early fallt acts
Equipment: iphone camera
Title: Mountain Mint Attraction
Photographer: Noreen Kepple
Location: Pollinator Pathway
Chapter: Mountain Laurel
“Clearwing & Milkweed Flowers” by Barbara DeGraves
Image ID: 6960
Plant(s): Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) & Snowberry Clearwing Moth (Hemaris diffinis)
Photo Story: After some refreshing rain, this Snowberry Clearwing Moth was hovering around a cluster of Swamp Milkweed. Everything was sparkling as the sun emerged brightly from behind the clouds. With proboscis in a curl, the moth pollinator was ready to drink some nectar.
Equipment: Canon 90D, 1/2500 sec @ f/8.0, ISO 1000, Sigma Lens 100-400 mm
Adobe Lightroom & Photoshop
Title: Clearwing & Milkweed Flowers
Photographer: Barbara DeGraves
Location: My Backyard, Bowling Green, KY
Chapter: SoKY
“Mama Snapper” by Keren Pomp Fortier
Image ID: 6961
Plant(s): Common Milkweed +
Photo Story: Many turtles lay eggs in my pond-side yard. That year, Snappers scaled a stone wall to this garden.
Equipment: Iphone
Title: Mama Snapper
Photographer: Keren Pomp Fortier
Location: Butterfly and Bee Garden
Chapter: South Shore MA
“STRONGER THAN WINTER” by Susan Wagoner
Image ID: 6963
Plant(s): American Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)
Photo Story: An ice storm did nothing to distract from the beauty of the November-blooming Witch Hazel.
Equipment: Canon EOS 7D – 100mm macro lens
Title: STRONGER THAN WINTER
Photographer: Susan Wagoner
Location: AURORA, ILLINOIS (BACKYARD)
Chapter: Greater Kane County
“BLOODROOT BEAUTY” by Susan Wagoner
Image ID: 6964
Plant(s): Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)
Photo Story: I love the early spring beauty of both the striking white flowers and the unusual leaves.
(NOTE: I mistakenly submitted this under “Fauna with Flora”- please disregard that one and use this one. Thank you)
Equipment: Canon EOS 7D- 100mm macro lens.
Title: BLOODROOT BEAUTY
Photographer: Susan Wagoner
Location: Aurora, Illinois (my backyard)
Chapter: Greater Kane County
“BEE AT WORK” by Susan Wagoner
Image ID: 6965
Plant(s): New England Aster (Aster novae-angliae) and Leafcutter Bee (Megachile species)
Photo Story: This “Busy Bee” appears to love the New England Aster as it collects pollen on its underside.
Equipment: Canon EOS 7D- 100mm macro lens
Title: BEE AT WORK
Photographer: Susan Wagoner
Location: Aurora, Illinois (my backyard)
Chapter: Greater Kane County
“Lucky Seat” by Keren Pomp Fortier
Image ID: 6966
Plant(s): Azalea
Photo Story: I was seated at the base of this Azalea when I heard some buzz.
Equipment: iPhone
Title: Lucky Seat
Photographer: Keren Pomp Fortier
Location: Norwell, MA
Chapter: South Shore MA
“Unexpected Jewel” by Susan Wagoner
Image ID: 6968
Plant(s): Dogbane (Apocynum species) & Dogbane Leaf Beetle (Chrysochus auratus)
Photo Story: I cannot pass a Dogbane plant without scanning it for what is, in my opinion, the most beautiful native beetle in Illinois.
Equipment: Canon EOS 7D- 100mm macro lens.
Title: Unexpected Jewel
Photographer: Susan Wagoner
Location: Afton Forest Preserve
Chapter: Greater Kane County
“Morning Milkweed” by Keren Pomp Fortier
Image ID: 6969
Plant(s): Common Milkweed
Photo Story: My morning chair faces a pond and much that lies between.
Equipment: iPhone
Title: Morning Milkweed
Photographer: Keren Pomp Fortier
Location: Norwell MA
Chapter: South Shore MA
“HIDDEN BEAUTY” by Susan Wagoner
Image ID: 6970
Plant(s): Spider- identification unknown on New England Aster leaves (Aster novae-angliae)
Photo Story: This beautiful spider was well hidden among the leaves of the New England Aster. It pays to take closer looks at “Mother Nature”
Equipment: Canon EOS 7D- 100mm macro lens
Title: HIDDEN BEAUTY
Photographer: Susan Wagoner
Location: Aurora, Illinois (my backyard)
Chapter: Greater Kane County
“Drenched Pod” by Keren Pomp Fortier
Image ID: 6972
Plant(s): Common Milkweed
Photo Story: Soaking wet beauty
Equipment: iPhone
Title: Drenched Pod
Photographer: Keren Pomp Fortier
Location: Norwell MA
Chapter: South Shore MA
“ON A MISSION” by Susan Wagoner
Image ID: 6974
Plant(s): Bee Balm (Monarda species) and Hummingbird Clearwing Moth (Hemaris thysbe)
Photo Story: One of the most colorful pollinators attracted to my Menarda flowers is this beautiful moth.
Equipment: Canon EOS 7D- 100mm macro lens
Title: ON A MISSION
Photographer: Susan Wagoner
Location: Aurora, Illinois (my backyard)
Chapter: Greater Kane County
“Dragonfly Shadow” by Keren Pomp Fortier
Image ID: 6973
Plant(s): Lily Pad, Dragonfly
Photo Story: The longer I sit still, the more I notice.
Equipment: iPhone
Title: Dragonfly Shadow
Photographer: Keren Pomp Fortier
Location: Norwell MA
Chapter: South Shore MA
“Breeze Catchers” by Keren Pomp Fortier
Image ID: 6976
Plant(s): Spider Webs over water
Photo Story: Webs present a photographic challenge. They are so clear to my eyes before disappearing in a camera lens! I was determined to capture one of many beautifies that morning.
Equipment: iPhone
Title: Breeze Catchers
Photographer: Keren Pomp Fortier
Location: Norwell MA
Chapter: South Shore MA
“Where’s Alice? (Resubmitted for correct category.)” by Keren Pomp Fortier
Image ID: 6979
Plant(s): I cannot identify this fungus or caterpillar
Photo Story: NOTE: I am resubmitting this photo because I previously entered it into the wrong category.
This is, itself, a story starter.
Equipment: iPhone
Title: Where’s Alice? (Resubmitted for correct category.)
Photographer: Keren Pomp Fortier
Location: Wompatuck State Park
Chapter: South Shore MA
“Decisions Decisions” by Gina Michels
Image ID: 6981
Plant(s): Praying Mantis, Sneezeweed, Bumblebee and native fly
Photo Story: I was out in the sneezeweed focusing on taking pictures of the bumblebees with pockets full of pollen when through my lens I spied the praying mantis! I spent a lot of time with the praying mantis who gobbled up a poor bumble bee before my eyes…and continued hunting. He had so many choices and surely ended the day with a very full ‘belly’!
Equipment: Canon 7D, 100 mm Macro lens
Title: Decisions Decisions
Photographer: Gina Michels
Location: In my backyard native garden
Chapter: Kalamazoo Area
“The Real Mosquito Shield” by Gina Michels
Image ID: 6983
Plant(s): Dragonfly, Ohio Spiderwort
Photo Story: This dragonfly was a very cooperative photo subject, flying away and resettling in the exact same spot on the end of an Ohio Spiderwort leaf.
Equipment: Canon 7D, 100 mm lens
Title: The Real Mosquito Shield
Photographer: Gina Michels
Location: In my backyard native garden
Chapter: Kalamazoo Area
“Little Shop of Beauties” by Gina Michels
Image ID: 6984
Plant(s): Obedient Plant (Physostegia virginiana)
Photo Story: I was so pleased to determine that this volunteer in my garden was a native wildflower. I was hoping to take a picture of a visiting pollinator but became enchanted with the gaping mouths of the lovely little blooms.
Equipment: Canon 7D, 100 mm lens
Title: Little Shop of Beauties
Photographer: Gina Michels
Location: In my backyard native garden
Chapter: Kalamazoo Area
“Say “Ah”” by Gina Michels
Image ID: 6986
Plant(s): Turtlehead (Chelone glabra)
Photo Story: I planted several turtleheads just this year and had no idea how fascinating the blooms would be.
Equipment: Canon 7D, 100 mm lens
Title: Say “Ah”
Photographer: Gina Michels
Location: In my backyard native garden
Chapter: Kalamazoo Area
“Maximilian’s Sunflowers & Indian Grass” by Elisa Zappacosta
Image ID: 6987
Plant(s): Maximilian’s Sunflower (Helianthus maximiliani) and Indian Grass (Sorghastrum nutans)
Photo Story: Maximilian’s Sunflowers and Indian Grass blooming in September on our hillside prairie
NOTE: Photo was renamed as described below, but uploaded with an Earlier Photo Name.
Equipment: iPhone SE
Title: Maximilian’s Sunflowers & Indian Grass
Photographer: Elisa Zappacosta
Location: Westfield, IA
Chapter: Loess Hills
All images are the property of Wild Ones and should not be downloaded or used without permission.